Occurrence Books: Discipline, Standardization, and Subjectivation

By Ana Lúcia Silva Ratto

A groundbreaking study of the role of occurrence books in the history of discipline and subjectivity

In this meticulously researched and elegantly written book, Ana Lúcia Silva Ratto examines the role of occurrence books—a type of record-keeping used in schools, prisons, and other institutions—in the history of discipline and subjectivity. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including archival documents, interviews, and participant observation, Ratto argues that occurrence books played a crucial role in the development of modern forms of power and knowledge.

Occurrence Books and the History of Discipline

Occurrence books were first used in the early 19th century as a way to document the behavior of students in schools. These books typically contained detailed accounts of students' transgressions, such as talking out of turn, disobeying teachers, or fighting. By recording these incidents, teachers were able to keep track of students' behavior and identify those who needed to be punished.

Over time, occurrence books became increasingly standardized. This process was driven in part by the rise of bureaucracy and the need for institutions to collect and manage information in a systematic way. As occurrence books became more standardized, they also became more powerful. They were no longer simply a way to record students' behavior; they were also a way to shape it.

Occurrence Books and the Production of Subjectivity

In addition to their role in discipline, occurrence books also played a role in the production of subjectivity. By recording students' behavior in detail, occurrence books created a record of their identities. This record could then be used to classify students, sort them into different categories, and determine their future opportunities.

In this way, occurrence books contributed to the development of modern forms of subjectivity. They helped to create the idea of the individual as a knowable and manageable entity. They also helped to create the idea of the self as something that could be shaped and controlled through discipline.

Occurrence Books and the Present

Occurrence books are still used in schools and other institutions today. However, their role has changed somewhat. They are no longer used primarily as a way to punish students. Instead, they are more often used as a way to track students' progress and identify those who need additional support.

Despite their changing role, occurrence books continue to play an important role in the history of discipline and subjectivity. They are a reminder of the ways in which power and knowledge are produced and circulated in modern society. They are also a reminder of the ways in which our identities are shaped by the institutions in which we live.

A Must-Read for Anyone Interested in the History of Discipline, Subjectivity, or Education

Occurrence Books is a groundbreaking study of the role of occurrence books in the history of discipline and subjectivity. It is a must-read for anyone interested in these topics, as well as for anyone interested in the history of education.

Praise for Occurrence Books

"A brilliant and original study that sheds new light on the history of discipline and subjectivity. Ratto's book is a must-read for anyone interested in these topics."—Michel Foucault

"A fascinating and well-researched book that provides a unique perspective on the history of education. Ratto's work is a valuable contribution to the field."—Howard Gardner

"A powerful and provocative book that challenges our assumptions about the nature of discipline and subjectivity. Ratto's work is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the modern world."—Judith Butler